Meeting Scene Romeo and Juliet VS Gnomeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Meeting Scene Romeo and Juliet VS Gnomeo and Juliet Essay The praised dramatization Romeo and Juliet. composed by William Shakespeare. is the account of two star-crossed sweethearts. Romeo. the solitary inheritor of Montague. begins to look all starry eyed at Juliet. the inheritress of Capulet. in any case, their adoration is out because of an opposition between houses following in a double implosion. Two forms of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet are Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) . depicted as humourous through arranged film methods. what's more, Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) . depicted as a cataclysm through comparative film methods. This will be appeared through the use of film methods like etymological correspondence. camera points and mise-en-scene. Fristly. etymological correspondence qualities are utilized by both Luhrmann’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet and Asbury’s form of Gnomeo and Juliet. In Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet semantic correspondence attributes, for example, l ikenesses are being utilized in the gathering scene. Romeo is contrasting Juliet with a holy person and himself to an explorer. He is expressing that as it’s a long last. at the point when he in the end found the object of his dread. Romeo takes her guardianships. what's more, offered to snog off and harm he may of has caused or may hold been submitted in the method. This is clear when Romeo regions. â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest manus this sanctum hallowed place. the delicate underhandedness is this: My lips. two crimsoning pioneers. prepared to remain to smooth that unsmooth touch with a stamp buss. † Luhrmann’s variant of Romeo and Juliet utilizes semantic correspondence to cause the to feel of Romeo and Juliet going gaga for one another before they discover who they genuinely are. The sadness and realizing that the two guardians won’t let them together is deplorable. In Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet statement with a double meaning are utilized all through the film. In the gathering scene Gnomeo and Juliet are messing around with one another as the two of them need the blossom. As Juliet gets the blossom from Gnomeo she states. â€Å"Who’s your Gnomeo now? † This utilized for when Juliet takes the Orchid from Gnomeo as they are mess with one another. This prompts Juliet visit uping with Gnomeo as she creates affections for him this makes a vibe of felicity and chipper between the character and the crowd. The distinctive phonetic correspondence qualities that have been utilized in the two motion pictures shows that the two have both built two unique adaptations of William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet. Second. the use of camera points are utilized in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to demo the disastrous and feeling outcome the film has on the crowd. In Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet the camera edge makes a sentimental and humourous. This is appeared in Luhrmann’s form through the low point when Romeo and Juliet meet and acknowledge who they truly are. The low point is for Romeo when he pursues Juliet to see where she is voyaging so discovers her with her female parent Mrs Capulet. The camera point catches the Romeo’s facial look. his disarray that his one genuine affection is his family unit emery and now Romeo doesn’t comprehend why individual so consul in his eyes could be his family most exceedingly awful emery of all. In the Asbury’s variant of Gnomeo and Juliet the camera points are utilized to demo that the film is humourous. The camera point that has been utilized in the gathering scene Gnomeo and Juliet is an oculus degree edge ; this is shown when Gnomeo and Juliet mounting up the nursery and when the two of them go after the Orchid. The aim behind using oculus degree point is utilized to make the scene sentimental when they contact for the primary clasp. The camera edge is utilized to do the crowd believe that the two are enamored and they are intended to be together everlastingly right so and here. Camera edges are utilized in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to demo the cataclysm. The camera points are utilized in Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet to demo the humourous through the camera edges as Gnomeo and Juliet. In add-on. the utilization of mise-en-scene things, for example, props. outfits. illuming. facial looks and plan are utilized all through the two films. Luhrmannâ€℠¢s rendition of Romeo and Juliet the ensembles played a huge part in the gathering scene. In the scene Romeo is spruced up as a knight and Juliet is spruced up as a heavenly attendant. Romeo see’s Juliet for what she genuinely is. a blessed messenger in his eyes. .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .postImageUrl , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:hover , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:visited , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:active { border:0!important; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0c5868146b1 ba8a55d998455f264335d:active , .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; fou ndation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0c5868146b1ba8a55d998455f264335d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Animal Research Essay

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay Example For Students

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay I the accompanying article I will be taking a gander at what I accept to be the key attributes of Pictorialism just as this I will likewise be taking a gander at the individuals I accept to of had the most effect on Pictorialism as a development by investigating there works and ideology’s, by doing this I would like to respond to the inquiry ‘What are the qualities of Pictorialism? ’ in a satisfying and educational manner while giving my one-sided and skeptical British perspectives on specific viewpoints, characters and occasions inside the development. The expression Pictorialism was first instituted inside the setting of photography in Henry Peach Robinson book entitled ‘Pictorial Effect in Photography: Being Hints On Composition And Chiaroscuro For Photographers. ’ Written in 1869 an age when ‘’9 out of ten picture takers are oblivious to art’’ and the photographic compositions was seen by most as something logical restricted to something that can in the correct hands be workmanship. From numerous points of view Pictorialism happened as a response to the little disapproved and intolerant nature of the workmanship universe of this time (its still essentially a similar today), it is on the grounds that to a great extent of Pictorialism that photography is acknowledged in the craftsmanship world today. Naturalism and Peter Henry Emerson There are numerous attributes in Pictorialism one of its most strikingly being it’s out of center style. This is something that advanced as a quality of Pictorialism when it was still just a child and was creating from its removed cousin naturalism, this now celebrated trademark was initially pushed by somebody who might have, in the mid 1880’s made just dazzling sharp pictures of nature, this was Peter Henry Emerson, a photographic artists whose roots lye inside Naturalism and winged animal viewing. Emerson later got one of the key figures in having photography acknowledged as a fine art composing 8 books on photography and a composition entitled a past filled with masterful photography (1936), He initially pushed out of center pictures to his understudies educating them to make photos ‘’just as sharp through the's eyes and no sharper’’ . Accepting a lot of like many do now with advanced photography that the pictures introduced by the camera were not in certainty a genuine portrayal of what the natural eye could really observe. The Development of Pictorial Effect Where as Emerson strived regularly for reality inside the picture, Pictorialism began to move away from this in 1890 where much like in craftsmanship the substance inside the picture beginning to turn out to be increasingly significant ‘stressing excellence over fact’ this got clear inside the advancement of the ‘pictorial effect’ propelled by the barometrically delicate brush strokes of painter from the Barbizon school. Picture takers accepted that by covering their own paper, previously or during the improvement procedure with evident brush strokes and stamps, made their photos centerpieces contradicted to works of science duplicating impacts that were made when making an artwork as though they were attempting to re-make the realness of great masterpieces that individuals around then didnt feel photos had. I feel these brush strokes likewise caused the work to feel as if it was not only a picture caught in a bit of paper however a work that currently stuck out and had a place in a three dimensional world contradicted to a level one. The brush strokes a lot of like deciding to utilize a milder concentrate likewise out loud the picture taker to depict their own target perspective on the scene it was this that masculine the picture taker Robert Demachy felt isolated the craft of photography from the straight study of photography that you see in Eadweard Muybridge’s work ‘’A straight print might be delightful, and it might demonstrate upper plentifully that its creator is a craftsman: yet it can't be a masterpiece.. masterpiece must be interpretation, not a duplicate of nature it must be emotional not objective’’ I feel as if this statement from Demachy summarizes pleasantly the focuses put across in the past section and summarizes huge numbers of the idea and viable strategies behind the development of Pictorialism. Creature Locomotion, Plate 695, Eadweard Muybridge, 1880s Robert Demachy Most notable for this painterly impact is the picture taker Robert Demachy. In his work he utilizes the brush strokes so that the impact loses the fairly gimmicky look that I feel it can here and there be related with. These brushstrokes on Demachis work don't look as if he is attempting to duplicate a composition neither do they seem as though arbitrary imprints with a picture printed over the top, these imprints become some portion of the picture making new tones, light and dim contingent upon where they have been set on the paper. In his work ‘study of a head’ the imprints mix into the garments making long streaming lines obscuring what we safeguard as a genuine picture. Turkey Religion EssayIn the twentieth century Pictorialism was depicted as turning out to be ‘’darker, increasingly emblematic and individual, mirroring the ascent of pioneer craftsmanship and the experience of dislodged people groups across Europe and the assembled states’’ Were as the more intricate and indulgent printing strategies recently utilized were supplanted by less expensive and simpler methods, for example, gelatin silver printing and photogravure. This so anyone might hear for additional prints to be made at a less expensive expense, unexpectedly I feel this totally conflicts with prior norm and perspectives in the Pictorialist development, de-esteeming the work and the craftsman validity they accepted originated from something uncommon and bona fide. Leaving its underlying foundations in Naturalism behind Pictorialism moved away from the more romanticized wide open shots normal in Europe to a harder grittier urban settings, frequently attempting to discover excellence in impossible area, Stieglitz who kept on working generally in the city of New York began to move further away from the more customary Pictorialist styles taking motivation from Japanese craftsman, for example, Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Hiroshige. Where as certain picture takers of the time, for example, Pierre Dubreuil (1872-1944) beginning creation increasingly dynamic pieces joining futurist and cubist thoughts in with the general mish-mash and not at all like most other Pictorialist accentuating designee over mollified the old young men, Stieglitz, Steichen ext. ecame progressively self fixated moving ceaselessly from scenes and pictures of little youngsters to persistently capturing themselves and each other for instance in the harmony Frank Eugene, Alfred Stieglitz, Heinrich Kuhn and Edward Steichen Admiring the Work of Eugene (1907), I think certain thing like this are with different components imperative to the destruction of Pictorialism as a significant player in the workmanship/photography world, I dont figure I would be separated from everyone else in speculation towards the finish of Camera Work’s impact Stieglitz blocked the development more than he helped it constantly transforming companions into adversa ry for what he saw as ‘challenging his authority’ or contradicting his thoughts, from multiple points of view he was as a very remarkable tyrant of Pictorialism as he was a maker, similar to the mustached love offspring of a Kim Jon-Un and an all the more socially satisfactory visionary. With this ‘obsessive’ self representation talking came certain remarks in the book .. o thus stated, ‘’There was recharged enthusiasm for the internal profundities that could be uncovered in a representation, seen most obviously in progress of Steichen, Coburn and Frank Eugene. ’ As photography was gradually acknowledged into the oblivious and grandiose craftsmanship world Pictorialism and it’s impact and importance began to blur and alongside it was some of it’s key professionals, Alfred Stezaker began to make increasingly conventional pictures expressing ‘’My photos look like photos and (according to the ‘pictorial photographers’) they subsequently can’t be art’’ 21 (1923) And the camera club he was a piece of was destroyed by his own consistently developing inner self, in spite of the fact that Pictorialism was as yet rehearsed after WW1 it no longer had as much significance in an all the more tolerating workmanship world. End The attributes of Pictorialism can not simply be characterized by the work made and the procedures utilized by the craftsman, the facts confirm that specific consequences for pictures are in the sections of Pictorialism, the painterly impacts that demonstrated human components to the work which repudiated the thoughts that photos were machine made and there was no craftsman human component and therefor photography couldn't be a workmanship. The delicate center which at first moved photography away from simply recording occasions as they were seen regardless of whether that was not the first aim of Peter Henry Emerson but rather I feel the most significant attribute of Pictorialism was the persevering manners by which the craftsman pushed the development, making networks as camera clubs, distributing diaries and articles and visiting presentations around the globe just as making totally different spaces for Pictorialist work to be shown, in doing this they not just got photography ack nowledged into the workmanship world yet reclassified current workmanship perpetually changing the uninformed essence of the craftsmanship world.

The affect of income and family structure on child education in the Annotated Bibliography

The effect of pay and family structure on kid training in the United States somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2014 - Annotated Bibliography Example There is an immediate relationship between's achieving acceptable training and raising the financial status of a family. This can be clarified by a basic case of Ivy League Colleges. Ivy League universities are most extensive schools all through the world and the truth of the matter is the alumni of these schools are generally looked for after and are the most generously compensated representatives. Individuals having low financial status can't go to these schools likewise, they can't raise their financial status by the rate the alumni of these universities can. For the individuals who have low financial status, the compulsory arrangements for a youngster are food, apparel and asylum; training isn't required however an optional arrangement, if, permitted by the pay of the guardians. Another factor whether might possibly impact youngster training is the family structure. Family structure implies the direction of the family, regardless of whether the family is upheld by single parent or both the guardians are supporters. It additionally incorporates a mixed family which is stepchildren and organic kids living under one rooftop. Ginther and Pollak did an exploration in 2004 by dissecting the information acquired by NLSY (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth) and PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics) to look at the impact of family structure on child’s instruction. They reasoned that family structure has no significant impact on child’s instruction; the instructive results were same for single parent families, two-parent families and mixed families. They presumed that in mixed families the mother is the reasonable substance who circulates all assets similarly in her kids, regardless of whether the dad in the inconsistent merchant of the assets between his progression youngsters and natural kids. Family units are conventional families and the guardians quite often appropriate the assets similarly between the youngsters. In this examination, numerous elements, for example, stress and

What is Rebranding?

What is Rebranding? Rebrandingâ is the formation of another name, term, image, structure, or blend thereof for a set up brand with the aim of building up a separated (new) position in the brain of partners and contenders. This may include radical changes to the brand's logo, image name, image,â marketing procedure, andâ advertisingâ themes. These progressions are normally planned for theâ repositioning of the brand/organization, now and then trying to separate itself from certain negative implications of the past marking, or to move the brand upmarket.However, the fundamental purpose behind a re-brand is to impart another message for an organization, something that has developed, or the ‘new leading body of directors’ wish to convey. Purposes behind Rebranding Proactive Rebranding: Sometimes an organization sees motivation to rebrand to take advantage of a lucky break or defeat potential dangers later on. Proactive rebranding may occur in the accompanying circumst ances: * Predicted Growth: When an organization is getting ready for anticipated development, especially universal development, it may rebrand items and administrations into a merged brand. This is regularly accomplished for consistency and to set aside cash over time.This kind of rebranding is additionally done when an organization just needs to make a more noteworthy feeling of brand solidarity over its business. * New Line of Business or Market: When an organization goes into another line of business or market that isn't firm to the current brand personality, a rebranding may be all together. * New Audience: When an organization needs to speak to another crowd, a rebranding may be vital. Remember, the rebranding probably won't require a real name or logo change. * Relevancy: When an organization understands its image is losing importance in consumers’ minds, it may be a great opportunity to rebrand.The Yellow Pages rebranding is an ideal model. With the utilization of prin ted Yellow Pages indexes declining, Yellow Pages rebranded to YP and started to concentrate on the advanced space making it fundamentally increasingly significant. Responsive Rebranding: Companies could likewise rebrand in response to an occasion that is huge to such an extent that the current brand must be changed. For instance, receptive rebranding may occur in circumstances like the ones recorded underneath: * Merger or Acquisition: When organizations combine or obtain different organizations, rebranding is frequently required. Legitimate Issues: There are various distinctive lawful issues that could make an organization rebrand. Trademarks are frequently at the base of these rebranding models. Subsequently, it is basic to lead a thorough trademark look and get the trademark rights to your image name before you dispatch it. * Competitive Influences: Sometimes a company’s competitors’ exercises can be the impetus to a rebranding. At the point when a contender renders your image futile or dated, a rebranding could assist you with recapturing an a dependable balance in your market and give you the facelift you have to adequately strike back. Negative Publicity: When the picture of the corporate or the brand has been discolored by an unexpected occurring or all the more in this way, an emergency that has emerged, organizations embrace a rebranding promoting methodology. The missteps when while rebranding 1. Try not to depend just on history: Rebranding great methods remaining applicable. Suspicions made when the brand was set up may no longer remain constant. Examine changes in target markets while investigating open doors for brand extension, repositioning and revitalization.One must attempt to assess current economic situations before concluding a rebranding exercise for the brand. In any case, one must guarantee that the center contribution is in accordance with the underlying contribution, the embodiment could be the differentiator. 2. Thinkin g the brand is the logo, writing material or corporate hues: The brand envelops these components, yet in addition client observation and experience to quality, the general look and feel of the brand, client care, retail and web conditions, the tone and voice of correspondences, and more.One must guarantee that the new picture, along these lines to be imparted, addresses all the parts of the brand. 3. Exploring without an arrangement: Effective rebrands depend on an innovative brief to keep everybody engaged as the task advances. Incorporate segments for a circumstance examination, destinations, target markets, spending plan and assets, time allotment, go-to person, known parameters, endorsement structure, partners and measurements for surveying results. 4.Refusing to recruit a marking expert without industry experience: It’s alright to consider an organization that hasn’t worked in your particular industry previously. Now and then it is perfect †particularly if yo u’re genuine about a turnaround. Keen organizations perceive the estimation of a new viewpoint. 5. Not utilizing existing brand value and altruism. Excusing brand value when rebranding estranges built up clients, while superfluous updates can hopelessly harm a brand’s perception.Consider the necessities and outlook of the objective market cautiously before delving into the procedure. Now and then a little advancement †or another layer of paint †is all that’s expected to revive and make a brand significant. 6. Not taking a stab at your customer’s shoes. Basically calling your own 800-number or secretary may uncover difficulties clients confront and educate your rebranding methodology. Set aside the effort to explore your own site, purchase your items and bring something back. Even better, ask a companion or relative to do as such and gain from their encounters

Is it good to be an only child Sample Essay

A single child can get all the parents’ attention. A single child can be happy or unhappy because of that. There are many myths regarding the effects of being an only child that need to be proved or refuted. Taking a look at the world from the point of view of one kid in a family can make some aspects of upbringing clear and precise. About one quarter of Americans have one kid. They are supposed to give all their attention to one kid and spend most of the time with him or her. No one interrupts playing, watching cartoons and no one screams next to you in the stroller. If you are the single kid, you will receive all the gifts for all the holidays in your family. Being an only child: pros and cons More and more people ask themselves what are the pros and cons of being an only child, essay writers say there’s nothing to worry about while others are afraid of the consequences. You cannot make any parents have more babies than they want. We can only think how not to turn into monsters if there’s a chance to become the one. If we take a look at the life of a young person from outside, it may seem that this very child is not obedient and its spoilt. One of the most popular disadvantages of being an only child (psychology aspect) is feeling lonely. However, the latest researches have proved that the number of kids doesnt influence the behavior of the children directly. It mostly depends on how parents show their love and let their children be independent in some situations. If we all look around at people that surround us, we will never define for sure who has brothers or sisters. Its impossible to define by the appearance or behavior of a person. As a kid cannot regulate the number of people in his or her family, he or she will have to learn how to adapt his or her lifestyle to coexist with someone else in one apartment or house. It can be good for developing communicative skills and bad for defining personal space. There are no firm lists of so-called pros or cons of being alone or having siblings. We can only talk about some general cases that happen in most families. The pros of being an only child can be discussed for many hours in a row. We’ll give you facts about being an only child. Here are the major ones: You don’t share your mom and dad with anyone else; You don’t share your room and things with anyone else; You can play with any toy in your room yourself; No one bothers you when you want to have rest. The reasons why being an only child is bad usually come out when the kid is growing and becoming older. Here are the cons: There are no people to share your little secrets; There are no people to talk to when you feel sad; There are no people to make friends when you are away; There are no people to take care of your elderly parents except you. Of course, the list of advantages of single child could be much bigger, but researchers define these issues to be the most important for kids and teenagers. All kids are different, so one and the same thing can be both a pro and a con for several persons. Judging all the kids and their behavior only because they’re the only one is a bad idea. An example of being an only child: essay I can imagine myself having siblings. Somebody is watching me most of the time. I cannot stay alone when I need it very much. I hate sharing all my toys and my personal space with someone else. I can’t leave home and make sure nobody will know about it. I cannot have private meetings in my room or private calls. I cannot have a private life anymore. Is it depressing? Is it fun? I can imagine myself being a single kid. I’m all alone and nobody’s here to hug me. I don’t have anyone to share my toys with. I can’t go somewhere far away and leave my parents all alone. I’m always guilty for everything that I’ve done wrong as I don’t have anyone to blame. I don’t have anyone to celebrate my birthday at home or when we’re somewhere out of the home city. I can love a life of a single child. I can hate it. I choose the role and I choose the position in my life. I’m responsible for my life path and my views. My state of mood doesn’t really depend on someone or something else. I can do anything. Someone loves winter and snow while someone else hates it all. The same works with being an only child, advantages and disadvantages mean nothing if you don’t love your family or you cannot live without a close person near you. Advantages and disadvantages of being an only child: essay conclusion The world is so diverse and full of people that you cannot exist alone. Psychologists dont see the difference between the problems that people face when they have siblings and when they dont have them. Having a sister or a brother cannot be good or bad for 100%. Everything depends on the likes and preferences of a single person. Good loving parents can help overcome any hard situation in life of any kid, so thinking that single kids suffer from loneliness is not correct. Parents need to take care of every child they give birth to no matter whether they have only one or five kids.

HIV and AIDS In Africa - Free Essay Example

Background / Overview: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the CD4 cells of the bodys immune system and weakens the defense mechanism from protecting against infections and diseases. As the number of CD4 cells decreases the body becomes more vulnerable to all opportunistic diseases and cancers. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection with severe immune deficiency i.e. least CD4 count (less than 200 cells/ cubic meter), it takes nearly 2 15 years for the virus to develop into this stage. At this stage, the body becomes vulnerable to serious infections and cancers. About two-thirds of the world population living with HIV are in Africa, of which Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for 70% of this disease rate (Kharsany Karim, 2016). There was a slight decline in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in past few years nearly 1.3 million in this country yet persistently remains in the top 5 countries that are infected with HIV (see fig.1). According to 2013 census Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) had 24.7 million people who are infected with HIV, and in 2016 there are 25.98 million people living with HIV (see fig.2). Undisputedly SSA harbors 60% of HIV cases, of which 28 million are living with HIV, more than 14000 people are getting an infection every day and nearly 11000 are dying with AIDS-related complications (Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji,2007). Factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS in SSA social stigma, ancient and traditional practices, poverty, multiple sex partners, heterosexual transmission, and lack of male circumcision(Chen et al., 2007) ( see fig 5). As a matter of fact, HIV infection has played a considerable role in decreasing the life expectancy, health status, education, employment and countrys economy. The pandemic has reduced the national economy by 2-4% a year on an average across Africa (Dixon, 2002). Also, the death rates are so high due to HIV related diseases and cancers. Fig 3: Map: Share of the population infected with HIV, 2016 Source: IHME, Global Burden of Disease Fig 4: Disparately High HIV Prevalence among Young Women Compared to Young Men Source: UNAIDS, 2014 Fig 5: Distribution of new HIV infections among population groups, 2017 Source: UNAIDS special analysis, 2018 What has been done so far? With more than 30 years of continuous efforts made on this HIV epidemic, there is still no proper cure or an effective vaccine, however, due to advanced treating methods by using Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made the deadly disease into more chronic disease and manageable condition and also by increasing the life expectancy (Kharsany Karim, 2016). Moreover, behavioral modifications also helped in reducing the prevalence rate of HIV in some tropical countries. The strategic goals for behavioral change involve stigma reduction, reduce the number of sex partners, avoid sharing of needles and injections that are contaminated, reduce the age of first intercourse, increase the use of condom and its sales, and also by encouraging regular screening and health education counselling services (Coates, Richter, Caceres, 2008). Not only behavioral interventions but also the combination of biomedical and structural interventions have a holistic approach to prevent HIV infection. Fig 6: Effective HIV Prevention require a combination intervention. At intrapersonal level, the PLWHA (Persons Living With HIV/AIDS) in SSA have been educating all the high-risk group individuals about the methods of transmission, preventive measures, and how to protect their human rights based on the resources. Moreover, the national government of Sub-Saharan Africa has released funds for the campaigns on disease awareness and reducing stigma related to the HIV. These are the massive campaigns which are promoted targetting families and communities, in spite of all these efforts there is still gender inequality, lack of knowledge and high level of stigma in SSA (Dahlui et al., 2015). At the interpersonal level, the combination strategy includes health education for sex workers and men who have sex with men to have access to male and female condoms, lubricant and PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis). At Community and Organization level, the NSPs (Needle and Syringe Programmes) focused on people who inject drugs and have been effective in reducing the usage of contaminated needles, and Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST). UNAIDS in collaboration with World bank has launched several successful health education programs for teenage girls, women, and homosexuals focusing on social discrimination, reduci ng stigma, awareness. The biomedical interventions at schools and multimedia organization level included VMMC (Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision, free HIV testing and condom supply. Examples of such successful large-scale programmes were Love Life multi-media campaign in South Africa, the National Behaviour Change Programme in Zimbabwe and Multi-Country one love campaign in southern Africa. In 2003, UNAIDS and WHO launched the 3 by 5 initiative which is reducing the incidence rate of HIV by 3 million in 2005 with ART( Antiretroviral therapy). The programs did not achieve the target population by the expected deadline and instead the number tripled which lead to the initiative of many challenging and great momentums. WHO and UNAIDS set up ambitious global targets (90-90-90) by 2020. In 2013 Health and education ministers addressed the barriers that are preventing girls and women from accessing the services. They have also focused on sex education in schools (CSE- comprehensive sexual education), eliminating gender barrios. Between 2010- 2015 the PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-child transmission) in East and southern Africa was successful in preventing the vertical transmission of this virus from a positive mother to child by 66%. The recent report shows that there has been an improvement from 61% in 2010 to 89% in 2016. In 2007 WHO and UNAIDS promoted VMMC (voluntary medical male circumcision) as one of the key components for preventing HIV. In 2015, South Africa took the first initiative to fully approve the PrEP (Pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs. Next steps: Gaps or shortcomings in what has been done so far Although many attempts were made to prevent the prevalence and incidence rate of HIV in Africa and SSA specifically, the disease still remains a serious problem. This is because of all the current interventions and strategies are not specific to a particular region, which is in fact, globally formulated policies (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Despite considering all the specific factors in each setting such as regional, cultural, traditional and high-risk population in combination interventions yet have drawbacks. Gaps in the Behavioral intervention: This intervention was not effectively practiced and discontinued in many countries. As a result, many young people had inadequate knowledge (36% young men, 30% of young women) according to the survey in 2015. Very minimal efforts are made to bring a change in social norms that are negatively impacting HIV (Hanson Hanson, 2008). Gaps in Biomedical interventions: VMMC has been rapidly expanded in 14 countries, out of which 8 countries declined the use of this programme in 2015. So, in order to reach the Fast track target, the voluntary male circumcision number has to double in 2020. UNAIDS 2020 target on PrEP coverage is 5% at present. According to the 2015 survey, 62% of individuals were not virally suppressed and 42% were unaware of their HIV status. So, there is a limitation is TasP ( Treatment-as- prevention) and PrEP. Thus the campaigns AIDS kills, Abstinence, Be faithful and use a condom approach was introduced by indulging fear among people. But this approach had failures in promoting safe sex (Hanson Hanson, 2008) Gaps in Structural interventions:   These are difficult to implement in poor countries like SSA as they deal with deep-rooted socio-economic issues such as gender discrimination, poverty, and human rights. As South Africa is the first to widely approve the ART (antiretroviral therapy) treatment, SSA is likely to benefit from future interventions that would concentrate on early access to ART, large-scale HIV screening promotions, health educations on HIV/AIDS. B- Future Intervention: There has to be a realistic target in setting up future interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS in low-income tropical countries that have the highest burden of this disease. The goal of my intervention is to bring a change in risky behaviors among the targeted population in SSA. (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development: Aim for reducing the high-risk sexual behavior patterns by half in a span of 3 years. This intervention will be targeting homosexuals, substance abusers, and sex workers. Assessment is done in two ways -Identifying and analyzing the data on the number of sex workers, LGBTs. -By conducting surveys of knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards the stigma of HIV/AIDS. Develop trust, strength, and empathy in the population. Hiring well-trained health care providers. Implementation: Distributing pamphlets, advertising, mass media communications. Awareness campaigns- includes disposal of contaminated needles, use of condoms, safe sex education, screenings, sex education in schools. Health education programs in rural areas and providing them with free condoms. Conduct free screenings for all the high-risk population. Evaluation: Conducting pre and post surveys to assess their knowledge and beliefs. Assess the syringes and condom supply and sales in hospitals and pharmacies. Evaluate the hospital records for the incidence and prevalence rate of HIV infection. Web resources: https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/treatment/overview https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/overview https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics https://www.prb.org/thestatusofthehivaidsepidemicinsubsaharanafrica/ References: Coates, T. J., Richter, L., Caceres, C. (2008). Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet, 372(9639), 669-684. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60886-7 Chen, L., Jha, P., Stirling, B., Sgaier, S., Daid, T., Kaul, R. and Nagelkerke, N. (2007). Sexual Risk Factors for HIV Infection in Early and Advanced HIV Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Overview of 68 Epidemiological Studies. PLoS ONE, 2(10), p.e1001. Dahlui, M., Azahar, N., Bulgiba, A., Zaki, R., Oche, O. M., Adekunjo, F. O., Chinna, K. (2015). HIV/AIDS Related Stigma and Discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian Population. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143749 Dzimnenani Mbirimtengerenji, N. (2007). Is HIV/AIDS Epidemic Outcome of Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? Croatian medical journal, 48(5), 605-617 Dixon, S. (2002). The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africas economic development. BMJ, 324(7331), pp.232-234. Hanson, S., Hanson, C. (2008). HIV control in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa: are the right things done? Global Health Action, 1, 10.3402/gha.v3401i3400.1837. doi:10.3402/gha.v1i0.1837 Kharsany, A. B. M., Karim, Q. A. (2016). HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. The Open AIDS Journal, 10, 34-48

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